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随着医疗技术及理念的进步，直肠癌的手术及各种治疗方式持续发展，进一步提高了综合治疗的效果，学界也更重视患者生活质量的改善。各种低位直肠癌保留肛门手术的提出，使患者的保留肛门率不断提升，而“等待观察”理念的提出可能会成为直肠癌治疗新的里程碑。随着免疫治疗被应用于肿瘤治疗的各个方面，必将对结直肠癌的治疗，特别是直肠癌的保留肛门策略产生深刻的影响。鉴于免疫治疗的特点、优势及成果，更多的直肠癌患者可以通过非手术疗法达到保留肛门的目的，在获得相同的无病生存和总体生存的同时，可提升患者的生存质量。目前探索不同方法增敏肠癌免疫治疗的研究方兴未艾，如何制定更佳的治疗方案是亟待探索解决的问题。

With the advancement of medical technology and concept, rectal cancer treatment methods continue to develop, further improving the efficacy of comprehensive treatment and quality of life for patients. Innovation in various anal preservation operations for low rectal cancer has continuously improved the rate of anal preservation, and the concept of the “watch and wait” strategy may become a new milestone in the treatment of rectal cancer. With the application of immunotherapy to all aspects of cancer treatment, it will certainly have a profound impact on the treatment of colorectal cancer, especially the anal preservation strategy. Combined with the new characteristics, advantages, and achievements of immunotherapy, more patients with rectal cancer can achieve the purpose of preserving the anus and organs through nonsurgical therapy, and obtain the same disease-free survival and overall survival while improving the quality of life. Currently, the study of sensitization immunotherapy for different types of bowel cancer is in the ascendancy, and the development of a better treatment plan is an urgent problem to be explored and solved.